Comparison of Maslows and Herzbergs Theories

Comparison of Maslows and Herzbergs Theories In the modern era, it is essential to have a successful business that is able to compete with other companies, not only in all its departments but also all employees should perform good co-ordination in order to achieve the companys goals and create international competitiveness. Therefore, how to motivate employees should be a real concern to the leader/manager. What is motivation? Krech, Crutchfied and Ballachey states that: â€Å"Motivation is concerned with why people choose a particular course of action in preference to others, and why they continue a chosen course of action, often over a long period, and in the face of difficulties and problems†. In other words, motivation at work has been playing an essential role in a company in terms of trying to encourage people to work more productively and effectively and in a dependable, loyal manner (Bunchanan and Huczynski. 1985). In organizational behaviour, there are two main motivational theories, content theories and process theories. The purpose of this essay is to compare and contrast two content theories; Maslows hierarchy of needs and Herzbergs two-factor theories. I have chosen these theories because they are well-respected and both Maslow and Herzberg are viewed as forerunners in motivational theories; I am going to compare and contrast these theories and then analyse how managers could apply thes e theories effectively in the modern workplace. Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) is viewed as the father of human psychology by creating his first hierarchy of needs in 1943. He believed that people have nine innate needs or motives in their lives at all times which are: 1. Biological requirements e.g. the basic need for survival such as sunlight, food, air, water, sleep, sexual expressions; 2. Safety; the need for security, protection, comfort, shelter, freedom from the fear and threat from the environment; 3. Affiliation, the need for love and relationships; 4. Esteem, the need for recognition, attention, strength and self-esteem; 5. Knowing and understanding, the need for curiosity and exploring; 6. Aesthetics, needs for order and beauty; 7. Transcendence; 8. Freedom of enquiry and expression; 9. Self-actualization, needs for the development of our full potential.( A.Huczynski and A.bunchanan. 2007). Maslows model of motivation is depicted as a five-step hierarchy of human needs in the form of a triangle â€Å"as we can see in the g raph below†. The lower-order needs or deficiency needs in other word are belongingness, safety and physiological needs. The higher-order needs are esteem needs and self-actualisation. If the lower-order needs are not satisfied, we cannot move on to any of the higher levels (Robin Fincham and Peter Rhodes). While Maslow is known as father of human psychology, Frederick Herzberg (1923-2000) is known as the â€Å"Father of Job Enrichment† with his well-known work, the two-factor theory which was written in 1943. Herzbergs theory is called the two-factor theory because the theory is two sets of incidents; one is about achievement, promotion, recognition, autonomy, personal growth and responsibility which Herzberg named motivators. The other set involved salary, job security, working condition, company policy and interpersonal relations with supervisors and peers called hygiene factors (Robin Fincham and Peter Rhodes). There are several similarities between Maslow and Herzbergs theories. It is noticeable that Herzberg wrote his two-factor theory about twenty-three years after Maslows hierarchy of needs. This is proof that Herzbergs theory was written almost based on Maslows theory. We can see that motivator factors and hygiene factors in Herzbergs theory are a collection of higher and lower order needs respectively in Maslows theory. Lower order needs such as needs for friendship, job security, water, food, etc. could be seen as hygiene factors. Similarly, needs for recognition, promotion, responsibility, etc. could be seen as motivators of Herzbergs two-factor theory (Fincham and Rhodes. 2005). From this evidence, we can infer that both Maslow and Herzberg had the same point of view about which factors were important and needed for people to be motivated in work as well as all other aspects of general life. Due to this we can say that Herzberg used Maslows theory as the basis for his Two Factor Th eory and merely changed Maslows hierarchy to suit his own beliefs and make the theory more applicable to a work environment. DIFFERENCES: Although Maslow and Herzbergs theories are both content theories and very similar, there are some differences. One is the fact that Maslows theory applies to life in general whereas Herzberg geared his specifically towards the work environment and how to motivate employees rather than people in general (Montana and Charnov, 2008). Further evidence is that Herzberg wrote his theory based on interviews with 200 employees while Maslows hierarchy was written with 3,000 unemployed people involved e.g. college students (Fincham and Rhodes, 2005). For the reason that Herzbergs theory is merely focused and relevant to the workplace therefore the theory is more suitable and recommended for managers to use to motivate their employees. However, this theory has now become slightly incorrect; the reason is people can be satisfied and motivated by all the aspects of life not only at work. As mentioned at the beginning, Herzbergs theory states that motivation is divided into two dimensional (e.g. Motivators and hygiene); each dimensional is consisted of different factors (Thompson, 1996). While, Maslow separated motivation into five different levels of needs. This can be understood that Maslow took into account Herzbergs hygiene factors and other factors not associated with work such as food, shelter and social needs. MANAGERS: As mentioned early, there are five distinct levels of need on Maslows hierarchy of need and each level must be satisfied in order before moving on to higher levers. Thus, how might managers apply this theory in the workplace? Firstly, the lowest order- Physiological needs of Maslows hierarchy have to be satisfied (e.g. needs for foods, shelter, etc.) by paying employees decent salary. After the first order has been satisfied, employees are motivated to work toward to the next level e.g. Safety or security needs. To be able to fulfil this level, employees should be given health insurance or guaranteed with their job for instant, contract. Managers could create a good relationship between them and their staffs or between each staff, team and group for examples, managers might have one-to-one talk with their staffs if necessary, correct them if there is any problems or praise them in person when they have done well; this might make the staffs feel valued and are motivated to work harder and productively. However, not every people in the same levels are motivated in the same way. Reference List â€Å"motivation is concerned† Krech, D., Crutchfield, R. S. and Ballachey, E.L (1962). Cited in Mullins, L., 1993, Management and Organisational Behaviour, 3rd edition Pitman Publishing, 443. â€Å"motivation is an organisational context is a social process† (Bunchana, D. And Huczynski, A., 1985 Organizational Behaviour, Prentice- Hall international p.62) â€Å"what needs people attempt to satisfy and the needs which motivate† ( Motivating others, David P. Thompson, p.9) â€Å"argues that we have nine innate needs† (Organizational Behaviour, 6th Edition, Andrzej A. Huczynski and Davia A. Bunchana, 2007, pg 242) â€Å"If the lower- orders needs† (Robin Fincham. Peter Rhodes, pg 195) â€Å"Herzberg took a somewhat different approach† ( Management- Patrick J.Montana and Bruce H.Charnov, Fourth Edition, pg 239) Further evidence is that Herzberg wrote his theory based on interviews with 200 employees while Maslows hierarchy was written with 3,000 unemployed people involved e.g. college students (Fincham and Rhodes, 2005) â€Å"two-dimensional† David Thompson, 1996, pg 13. Motivating Others.

Aggregate Supply and Demand Essay -- Economics

Aggregate Supply and Demand The quantity theory can be shown graphically in terms of the aggregate-supply aggregate-demand framework that has become popular in macroeconomic textbooks. Aggregate demand is the amount people will spend, or money multiplied by velocity. If money is 30 and velocity is 7, total spending will be 210. Total spending of 210 can be divided between prices and quantities in a number of ways. If the price level (P) is 1, quantity (Q) will be 210. If P is 2, Q will be 105, if P is 3, Q will be 70, if P is 5, Q will be 42, etc. When graphed with axes of price level and transactions, aggregate demand has the form of a rectangular hyperbola.1 This aggregate-demand curve is shown below as the MV curve. The quantity theory assumes that transactions are determined outside the model by the availability of resources and by technology. Because it assumes there are no adjustment problems, the aggregate supply curve is the vertical line shown in the graph above as the T curve. At each price level the same quantity is available, or price level does not influence quantity supplied. The price level is determined by the intersection of these two curves. If the amount of money increases, the aggregate demand curve shifts to the right. Since transactions are fixed, the end results must be an increase in price level. Notice that aggregate-supply and aggregate-demand curves are describing what happens in the market for goods and services, not in the market for money balances. If there is a disturbance in the money market, that disturbance is transmitted to the goods-and-services market via the aggregate-demand curve. The quantity theory encourages us to see a purchase of goods as a sale of money, and a sale of goods as a purchase of money. Changes in the resource market are transferred to the goods-and-services market via the aggregate supply curve. The quantity theory does not see the market for goods and services as the place disturbances begin. What we see happening in this part of the economy is the result of events in other sectors. Though very simple, this model helps make sense of a number of historical events. For example, U. S. economic growth in the late 19th century, spurred by increases in resources and improving technology, was faster than the growth in money stock. The graph above predicts deflation... ...lry, tableware, and artistic purposes. Their actions will reflect the law of demand: whenever a commodity becomes cheaper, people use more of it. Thus if there is a sudden influx of gold into a country that uses it as money, part of the influx will be diverted to its commodity use, and the effects on the amount of money, and hence on the price level, will be lessened. On the other hand, a sudden decline will also be cushioned, because as the commodity grows more valuable, people will transfer it from its commodity use into a monetary use. If the amount of gold declines and it rises in value, there is an incentive to melt down jewelry, tableware, and artistic objects and use the gold as money. Hence a doubling of gold may not double the amount of money, and cutting the amount of gold by one half may not cut money by one half. Second, if money falls in value, the incentive to produce more of it is cut and if it rises in value, the incentive to produce more of it is raised. If the value of gold increases, more people will try to find it, and if its value declines, fewer people will search for it. The third reason takes us into the realm of international economics. Aggregate Supply and Demand Essay -- Economics Aggregate Supply and Demand The quantity theory can be shown graphically in terms of the aggregate-supply aggregate-demand framework that has become popular in macroeconomic textbooks. Aggregate demand is the amount people will spend, or money multiplied by velocity. If money is 30 and velocity is 7, total spending will be 210. Total spending of 210 can be divided between prices and quantities in a number of ways. If the price level (P) is 1, quantity (Q) will be 210. If P is 2, Q will be 105, if P is 3, Q will be 70, if P is 5, Q will be 42, etc. When graphed with axes of price level and transactions, aggregate demand has the form of a rectangular hyperbola.1 This aggregate-demand curve is shown below as the MV curve. The quantity theory assumes that transactions are determined outside the model by the availability of resources and by technology. Because it assumes there are no adjustment problems, the aggregate supply curve is the vertical line shown in the graph above as the T curve. At each price level the same quantity is available, or price level does not influence quantity supplied. The price level is determined by the intersection of these two curves. If the amount of money increases, the aggregate demand curve shifts to the right. Since transactions are fixed, the end results must be an increase in price level. Notice that aggregate-supply and aggregate-demand curves are describing what happens in the market for goods and services, not in the market for money balances. If there is a disturbance in the money market, that disturbance is transmitted to the goods-and-services market via the aggregate-demand curve. The quantity theory encourages us to see a purchase of goods as a sale of money, and a sale of goods as a purchase of money. Changes in the resource market are transferred to the goods-and-services market via the aggregate supply curve. The quantity theory does not see the market for goods and services as the place disturbances begin. What we see happening in this part of the economy is the result of events in other sectors. Though very simple, this model helps make sense of a number of historical events. For example, U. S. economic growth in the late 19th century, spurred by increases in resources and improving technology, was faster than the growth in money stock. The graph above predicts deflation... ...lry, tableware, and artistic purposes. Their actions will reflect the law of demand: whenever a commodity becomes cheaper, people use more of it. Thus if there is a sudden influx of gold into a country that uses it as money, part of the influx will be diverted to its commodity use, and the effects on the amount of money, and hence on the price level, will be lessened. On the other hand, a sudden decline will also be cushioned, because as the commodity grows more valuable, people will transfer it from its commodity use into a monetary use. If the amount of gold declines and it rises in value, there is an incentive to melt down jewelry, tableware, and artistic objects and use the gold as money. Hence a doubling of gold may not double the amount of money, and cutting the amount of gold by one half may not cut money by one half. Second, if money falls in value, the incentive to produce more of it is cut and if it rises in value, the incentive to produce more of it is raised. If the value of gold increases, more people will try to find it, and if its value declines, fewer people will search for it. The third reason takes us into the realm of international economics.

The Interpretations of Guernica

It is certain to say that Pablo Picasso is one of the most famous and influential artist of the twentieth century. Many of his paintings have deep meaning to them, but the painting Guernica was one of his work that really stood out – to me, at least. The painting was inspired by the bombing of German and Italian forces on the Spanish Basque town called Guernica. The factors in it can symbolize many things and people will have different interpretations on it, but two factors that are boldly present in the artwork and that are controversial between many critics are the bull and the horse. These two elements of the painting have numerous perspectives from many different critics. Also, the absence of critical elements in the painting to the bombing of Guernica plays an important role of how people perceive this painting. An interesting perspective of this painting comes from an American professor of History of Art at the University of Virginia named Frederick Hartt. He relates the bull to a Minotaur: a creature that has a head of a bull and a body of a man. In the ancient Greek and ancient Roman cultures, this hybrid creature is a symbol of violence and rage. Hartt, however, relates the Minotaur to the view of the Surrealists as a symbol to man’s irrational side and contrasts this symbol with the symbol of the horse. Hartt says, â€Å"If the Minotaur symbolizes the irrationality of Fascism and man's mistreatment of man, the horse represents the anguish of Spanish citizens, and the end of civilization. † In contrast to Hartt’s belief of the symbolism in the bull, a poet and a friend of Picasso named Juan Larrea thought the complete opposite. He does not see the bull as a Minotaur that symbolizes irrationality and violence; instead, Larrea see the bull as the representation of the anger and fury of the Guernica people. He believes this because the bull is a â€Å"totem† of the Peninsula area. On another note, Larrea and Hartt have simular thoughts about the horse. Larrea says, â€Å"The horse is invariably full of ignoble and depressive features and there can be little doubt that it stands in the painter’s mind for nothing more nor less than the Nationalist Spain. † Another view on the bull is that the bull is â€Å"outside the catastrophe† and â€Å"unaffected. This perception of the painting is from a German Gestalt psychologist named Rudolf Arnheim. In his book, The Genesis of a Painting: Picasso's Guernica, Arnheim writes about the relationship between the bull and the suffering mother holding her baby. With the bull’s snout resting on the mother’s head like a roof, he believ es that the bull is trying to protect the mother, but fails in doing so. Even though its flaming tail shows its internal passion, the bull is unable to aid the mother and is absent, but still acknowledgeable of the scene. John Berger, a English art critic, novelist, painter, and author, mentions the horse and bull in his book The Success and failure of Picasso. He writes about the position and poses of both the bull and horse; the bull seems to be mimicking the horse as both their bodies and heads are posed the same position and facing the same direction. Berger also mentions contrast in these two animals: the horse looks as if it is freaking out and in pain, as opposed to the bull, which is motionless and has no emotion on its face besides a remote look of caution. It is obvious this painting is full of pain and distress, but there is something missing: the cause and protest of all it. The artwork consist of only a dead child, a bull, a horse, four women, an electric light, a lantern, and a bird; no soldiers, bombs, or explosions. As John Berger suggests, Picasso did not try to recreate the actual event in his painting; he had chosen not to represent the attack on Guernica literally. He did not need to show the attacks, but show the cost of conflict; this cost is shown in what has happened to the bodies. Berger says, â€Å"We are made to feel their pain with our eyes. And pain is the protest of the body. † Picasso’s images move the world from the specifics of the devastation of Guernica to the more universal and general suffering that is caused by war. The absence of the main elements of war in Guernica also makes the painting a general symbol of pain and horror, not just the pain and horror derived from war. It has been said that much of Picasso’s art was autobiographical. The fact that the images of death and destruction in Guernica are not clearly referring to the result of a bombing and the fact that it is not clear where the scene is at has led Mary Mathews Gedo, a clinical psychologist and art historian, to believe the painting Guernica not only represented the bombing of the town of Guernica, but also represented Picasso’s early memories from his life. The source of influence was both the historical event and â€Å"a source deep within him† says Gedo. Thus, as well as a work of political force, Guernica also holds an autobiographical element within its creation. From the bull symbolizing a Minotaur to protection, and the horse indicating the people of Guernica to the whole nation of Spain, critics discuss these factors and share the many different interpretations of what these two animals indicate. The act of Picasso not including any war-like elements, other than death and destruction, in the painting makes even more and deeper interpretations by critics. The meaning of Guernica is a broad subject and everyone is going to have different interpretations on it.

Evolution of Theoretical Knowledge of nursing

Evolution of Theoretical Knowledge of nursing The ultimate goal of the nurse is to maintain, and restore the health of the patient. Nursing is considered both a "science" and an "art". The application of nursing knowledge and the technical aspects of the practice is considered the "science". The establishment of a caring relationship through the application of nursing knowledge and judgment is used in a compassionate manner and is seen as an "art". (College of Nurses 1999 June Nursing and You Volume1, number 3 p3)This paper will attempt to explain the four concepts of the nursing metapardigm as it relates to the person environment, health and nursing. A person is seen as an individual possessing their own uniqueness, personalities and having their individual needs. A person should be treated with respect and dignity regardless of their cultural, religious, socio-economic class, marital status or sexual preferences. The individual should not encounter any bias or discrimination in school, employment or when the need arises for me dical care.Nurse log, Quinault Rain Forest Nature TrailEach person has their basic needs that must be met while progressing through the different stages of development. One should be given choices, and be allowed to have an input in their care or treatment plan. They should be allowed to excel and strive to achieve their goals. Be able to reside and work in their chosen location and field as long as they are qualified for the job.They are usually part of a family belonging to a cultural group, living within a community or region of their choice. The environment can be open or closed. It can contribute to the building or endangering of the persons self esteem. One might adapt to the environment depending on one's personal preference. A person might be seen in the eyes of others as the product of their environment that might be...

Free Essays on The Mis-Education Of American Scholars

Several individuals may believe that general education requirements, such as a Literature course, are merely a university’s attempt to prolong a student’s collegiate career and collect additional tuition fees, but what many of them fail to realize is that these courses create a foundation upon which future knowledge will be based and expanded. This groundwork will give students the ability to handle themselves and will enable them to interact with a rapidly growing and diverse population. Without literary courses, students will be debarred of valuable knowledge and tools that will inevitably become vital to their academic growth and future success. Ever questioned as to why most students even those who have attended esteemed colleges or universities seem to be unaware and unintelligible in reference to life or the world around them? It may possibly be because in the impetuous quest of triumphant sports teams, expensive overly proficient facilities, and the obvious influence of money, colleges and universities seem to have forgotten their principal charge: to teach students something about history, literature, mathematics, the natural sciences, foreign language, philosophy and English. Generally speaking, five of these seven topics are closely linked to the subject matter of literature. The reason most scholars fail to leave college with such a base-line education is simple: It is no longer required of them. Concisely, there has been a purging from the curriculum of many of the required basic survey courses, including literature, which previously familiarized students with the historical, cultural, political and scientific foundations of their society. According to the National Association of Scholars President Stephen Balch, America is "in danger of losing the common frame of cultural reference that for many generations has sustained our liberal, democratic society." According to a study by the NAS, the number of top schoo... Free Essays on The Mis-Education Of American Scholars Free Essays on The Mis-Education Of American Scholars Several individuals may believe that general education requirements, such as a Literature course, are merely a university’s attempt to prolong a student’s collegiate career and collect additional tuition fees, but what many of them fail to realize is that these courses create a foundation upon which future knowledge will be based and expanded. This groundwork will give students the ability to handle themselves and will enable them to interact with a rapidly growing and diverse population. Without literary courses, students will be debarred of valuable knowledge and tools that will inevitably become vital to their academic growth and future success. Ever questioned as to why most students even those who have attended esteemed colleges or universities seem to be unaware and unintelligible in reference to life or the world around them? It may possibly be because in the impetuous quest of triumphant sports teams, expensive overly proficient facilities, and the obvious influence of money, colleges and universities seem to have forgotten their principal charge: to teach students something about history, literature, mathematics, the natural sciences, foreign language, philosophy and English. Generally speaking, five of these seven topics are closely linked to the subject matter of literature. The reason most scholars fail to leave college with such a base-line education is simple: It is no longer required of them. Concisely, there has been a purging from the curriculum of many of the required basic survey courses, including literature, which previously familiarized students with the historical, cultural, political and scientific foundations of their society. According to the National Association of Scholars President Stephen Balch, America is "in danger of losing the common frame of cultural reference that for many generations has sustained our liberal, democratic society." According to a study by the NAS, the number of top schoo...

Jung's Neo Psychodynamic Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Jung's Neo Psychodynamic Theory - Essay Example There are two main types of phobias, which are as follows: 1) specific phobia and 2) the social phobia (Phobia Variations Defined and Explained, n.d.). Commonly, specific phobia is a continuing and unfounded fear coupled with a strong sense of desire to steer clear of specific situations or objects (Phobia Variations Defined and Explained, n.d.). The extensive assortment of stimulus that may elicit the fear is usually lesser than in other types of phobia disorders, hence, specific phobias are also called simple phobias (Phobia Variations Defined and Explained, n.d.). Social phobia on the other hand is a â€Å"social anxiety disorder,† which if apparent in children is likewise termed â€Å"avoidant disorder† (Phobia Variations Defined and Explained, n.d.). People who experience social phobias are fearful of social activities like meetings, parties, making complaints, interacting with others, etc. Most individuals who suffer from this disorder believe that they are being scrutinized and assessed by others once they are out in public, that is why they shun to be within the midst of others, strangers and family members alike (Phobia Variations Defined and Explained, n.d.). In comparison to simple phobias, social phobia does not diminish as the individual grows older and disappears once puberty and early adulthood is reached. It has the reversed effect of the aforementioned phobia since social phobia continues or intensifies as the person grows older (Phobia Variations Defined and Explained, n.d.). Generally, phobias are offshoots of memories and imaginations; and are sometimes based on factual reasons. However, it is always best to be able to differentiate genuine fears from phobias as early as possible (Phobia Variations Defined and Explained, n.d.). The subject is a thirty-five year old female, married and currently working as a secretary in an urban city capital of Europe. Ms. Iris, the patient, is often uneasy in the company of others

Managed crisis public relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Managed crisis public relations - Essay Example audiences for this plan include the government, customers, employees, stakeholders, the media, regulatory bodies, the affected passenger and his family, as well as the national public. The crisis communications plan seeks to deliver a specific message to each of the above audiences. The plan seeks to reassure the audience of the company’s commitment to working on resolving the issue of promoting the safety of passengers and providing them with remarkable transportation services. The company will rely on the principle of prompt communication as well as providing constant updates concerning the situation. The company seeks to reassure the government, its customers, and the public of its commitment to promoting high levels of safety. The company will also update the public on the progress of the affected passenger and the measures taken to compensate him. The spokesperson will exhibit high levels of confidence and remain accurate concerning the incident to ensure that the public does not have speculations. The company will rely on different forms of media to communicate effectively. There is a salient need for the company to identify a crisis communications team that will take charge of all the communication processes concerning the recent event. The formation of the crisis communications team should take place with immediate effect because there is an urgent need to provide the government, our customers, as well as the public with information. Crisis communications team should identify a reliable spokesperson and develop a communications policy that all the members of the staff must obey. The crisis communications team will exhibit immediate response by notifying the management team of the company concerning the recent incident. Moreover, the team will develop proper media alerts and call for a press conference that will allow the identified spokesperson to give detailed information to the public and the government. The crisis communications team will review the